Differences Between Exotoxins Vs Endotoxins

Toxins are small chemicals, peptides, or proteins created by living cells that, when they come into contact with or are ingested by tissues, can result in morphological changes or structural damage. Enzymes and toxins both contribute significantly to the pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. Toxins can promote invasiveness, harm cells, impair biological functions, or provoke an immune reaction and cell damage.

Toxins are of two types: Exotoxins Vs Endotoxins

S.N.	Character	Exotoxins	Endotoxins
1.	Definition	Proteins are produced inside pathogenic bacteria as a part of their growth and metabolism.	Lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are part of the outer membrane of bacteria.
2.	Produced by	Mostly Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria.	Gram-negative bacteria.
3.	Chemical Nature	Protein (polypeptide) complexes	Lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes
4.	Molecular weight	10KDa.	50-1000KDa.
5.	Components	Usually composed of two subunits, A and B.	Composed of three basic components:
		The A subunit is seen to have catalytic activity, whereas the B subunit is required for binding with an appropriate cell receptor.	1. O-antigen
			2. Core oligosaccharide
			3. Lipid A
6.	Enzymes present	Hyaluronidase, Collagenase, certain protease, Nuclease, Neuraminidase, Certain protease, Phospholipase A	Catalase, Fibrolysin, IgA / IgG proteases
7.	Chromosomal Location	Located on extrachromosomal genes (e.g., plasmids).	Located on chromosomal genes.
8.	Secreted by	Secreted by organisms; living cell	An integral part of the cell wall; lysed cell
9.	Secretion	Secreted out of the cell.	Generally not released outside the cell until the death of a cell.
10.	Cell Lysis	Not required	Required
11.	Stability to heat	Heat labile (60-80°C)	Heat stable (250°C)
12.	Filtration	Filterable	Not Filterable
13.	Boiling	Denatured on boiling	Not denatured on boiling.
14.	Enzyme Activity	Mostly has enzymatic activity.	Enzymatic activity absent or limited.
15.	Specificity	Exotoxins are enzymes; this makes them highly specific in their mechanism and for their host cells.	Endotoxins are comparatively not very specific in nature.
16.	Specific receptors	Usually binds to specific receptors.	Specific receptors not found.
17.	Specificity to a bacterial strain	Specific to certain bacterial strains.	Not specific to any bacterial strain.
18.	Immunogenicity	Highly immunogenic.	Weakly immunogenic.
19.	Fever Induction	No	Fever by induction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) production.
20.	Toxicity	Highly toxic, fatal in µg quantities.	Moderately toxic, fatal in mg quantities.
21.	Mode of action	Various modes (Mostly by enzyme-like mechanisms).	Includes TNF and Interlukin-1
22.	Potency	High: A single toxin molecule can act on a large number of host cells.	Low: A large amount of toxin is needed to cause disease.
23.	Effects	Either cytotoxin, enterotoxin, or neurotoxin with defined action on cells or tissues.	General symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.
24.	Neutralization by Antibodies	It can be neutralized.	It cannot be neutralized.
25.	Detection	Detected by many tests (neutralization, precipitation, etc.)	Detected by Limulus lysate assay.
26.	Conversion to Toxoids	Possible (On treatment with formalin). eg. For the prevention of diphtheria, botulism, and tetanus.	Not possible
27.	Availability of vaccines	Effective vaccines are available.	No effective vaccines are available.
28.	Diseases caused	Tetanus, diphtheria, botulism, etc.	Meningococcemia, sepsis by gram-negative rods, etc.
29.	Examples	Toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus anthracis	Toxins produced by E.coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella, and Vibrio cholera